WONDERS FROM THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND PIONEER MUSLIM PHYSICIANS
بسم
الله الرحمن الرحيم
هذه محاولة من
متطوعة لترجمة كتاب الفقير
روائع تاريخ
الطب
وهو لوجه الله تعالى
وخيره بلغتنا
ولغات الغرب لا ينكر الأمل فيه عاقل إن شاء الله
ويرجى لمن
لديه سعة أن يصوب ويدقق
وسأضع الجديد
تباعا
وعذرا لضيق
حالى صحيا عن الجلوس للتدقيق، مع الدعاء لفاعلة الخير بالخير والله أكرم
This is a trial to translate one of my books
First part
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Preface :
The Medicine is a
science and art which searchs for the care of human
health & its building .
And when we say the
history for Islamic Medicine .. we mean history of Doctors, Leaders
and Cognoscentes , who rises in a wonderful and great civilization .
Islam is a religion of
all of the missioner , but here we show the history of genius doctors from
Islamic nation of prophet mohamad peace upon him.. the last prophet
for Islam to humans allover the earth .
Our aim is justice
firstly and return the Right back to his owner .
We can’t say that our
nation only are skillful and brilliant , but we clarify that as much as our
civilization take it gives and flourished , even it invent much more than
it inherited .
It lefts many sciences
and traces which built on it the glory of all of the current sciences
, which lead to the development of all of humanity till this moment by
Allah favor only .
Not as an ignorant
said: it is a civilization which add nothing to humanity ! and he didn’t know
that the museum of his country have many codices of maps
and marvelous sources of our ancestors ,it shows that they had to draw
maps of the world and perform critical surgeries.
In the other side his
nation at – this time – they had to inhabit in caves , even the one in the
south of the country know nothing about those in the north due to there
ignorance and retardation …
I refer that we didn’t
have to be sorry for the term and we didn’t say: that the Medicine is one! But
the truth that there was an Islamic Medicine , the view of Islam to the
human body differ from the west’s materialism and conceited
view ..
Our religion
can’t fly on the darkness of legend , but it can’t deny
everything not be seen or realized – by foolishness or ignorance or what
ever – but there is a soul ,and there is a body and there is what is under
ground which is unknown yet .
The west can’t
understood yet all the mysterious of Cupping , and Ironing and every unordinary
treatment as Chinese needles , even they admit lately it’s benefits and
they understood it’s way of effects …
The duty of Islamic
doctors is to clarify and never refuse every strange without an evidence for
not to use , and when he looks for cure he must be sure that it’s from
Allah and there is an blessing with no doubt which have an moral and
physical effects in the patient and in the medicine ….
The Moslem have to be
sure that there is a science more than he knows , which makes him never be
tired or bored or despair from searching , testing and
tracing .
The climate of Islamic
civilization is wonderful , the ability of humans always be opened …and
the scientist knows that he is an worshiper for Allah by his researches and
science ..so he will have a motive and force to achieve his ambitious .
There is no conflict
between religion and science , as it happened before with others … when it was
the religious men is the first enemies to the researchers .
The age of
Islamic science in it’s climax takes several centuries from human history
( from the mid of second emigration century /the ninth
Christmas century till the mid of tenth emigration century / the fifteen
Christmas century ) .
Lets talk a little
about the situation of Islam from Medicine
we are commanded to be
cured legally , it was an undoubted issue in the prophetic conduct
, even the prophet had permitted to women to use
perfumes in necessity .
and the imam Al – zahby
mercy upon him have clarified that
there is no contrast
between physical treatment and depending on Allah , he says : depending
on Allah is the reliance of the heart on Allah and this never contrast with the
reasons and causations ,
so the good physician
have to do his best and leave the success to Allah ‘s will , as the farmer did
he cultivate and drill the seeds and then he leave it’s growing and
falling of the rains to Allah’s desire. .
and as Allah said in
(Alnesaa sura) : ” you
should always take your precautions” and the prophet said ” think it over and
do it depending on Allah ” .
And as imam Al –
shafeay said ” I don’t know science after Halal and forbidden more noble
than Medicine ”
Even imam Mallek
– mercy upon him – makes the Medicine science one of the respectable sciences
after Shariah science , so it’s not allowed to abuse papers written
on it something about Medicine due to it’s honor and it’s dignity !
Although Islamic
teachings was a leader in the development of the public healthy for
community and for every person . and this is philosophy ” Bernard Show”
in the introduction of his book
” Dilemma
the Doctors ” said that the British
Imperialism when capturing some islands it puts a plan to change the people ‘s
religion by sending deputations of preachers to abduct them from
their religion .
also ”
Bernard Show” said that so sorry that the Imperialism
succeeded in it’s plan but this lead to spreading of pandemics and deadly
diseases between them and this happened ”because they didn’t apply
the Islamic teachings which commanded them by cleaning and purification in
every thing even clipping the nails “ .
also DR . Shawky AL-
Fangary reports nice scripts which show some of what favor the Islam provided
to the career of Medicine
firstly : the Islam presented a
real and a scientific theory about the definition of the disease and it
confirm the Therapy, doctors and medicines . in the contrary in pre-Islam
the idea which prevailed in these days that the disease is a devil which enter
the human body as an punishment for his sins towards gods , and the only
way for cure is the forgiveness pray to make the devil gone .. and if the body
didn’t cured then that’s means that this person still have a weak faith .
and during middle centuries the church had to prevent peoples from cure
and fighting the scientists and burn their books or impale them by accusing
them as magicians and juggleries and challenging
Allah’s will .
Bernard Show
describes this state by saying that ” people used to leave their
patient to cure only under God’s care and they didn’t need doctors , and this
prevailed British opinion was continued until nineteen century when there
was a law which punish the person who left his father tell death without making
a doctor see him by putting who did this in jail for six months
” .
So now we look to the
Islamic teachings in this field :
When the prophet peace
upon him went to Al- medina the people there come to him asks for cure by
his hand .. then he used to visit the patient and pray for them to be cured and
says : have cure servants of Allah ..that Allah Didn’t brought a disease
unless there was a cure from Allah to it. Narrated by -Al- Termezy and
Abou Dawood .
Secondly: The Islam by his
favors on Medicine deny any legendry which attached by this career which
accompanied the way of treatment : as putting charm from heads of animals and
as making tattoo and fortune- telling , astrology and also scolding the bird
and playing chess and striking cups .
In this the prophet of
Allah peace upon him said :” the one who hang a charm will achieve nothing by
Allah ”
We can see the firmness
of the Islam in things in what the prophet said :”the one who went to a
shepherd or a fortune – teller and believe what he said he will became
unbeliever to what had brought down to Mohamad ”
And by this the Islam
put a separated limit between The Medicine and The Divination ..
before that both of them was known as one career , the doctor used to
be called as a fortune – teller or a shepherd .
The Islam had declared
a serious scientific fact which said that every diseases in this life
have a cure except the anility which means old age , and if there
was diseases with no cure this is because there was inability
in our science and we have to do efforts and search until we find a cure
medicine for it .and in this the prophet peace upon him said :” Allah Didn’t
brought a disease unless it have it’s cure it will be known by the
one who knows and it will be ignored by the ignorant so if
the cure get the malady the disease will be cured by Allah’s will “
narrated by Al- Termzy and Ahmad .
Thirdly : The Islam
commanded people by personal cleanness as a way for the health
protection and it considered as a complementary for Islam ” The
Cleanness is half the Faith ”
And The Islam also deny
that the dirt is a kind of humiliation or to become closer to Allah .
Also The Islam pointed
to the pollution of the food and hands , also Islam have encourage for
cleanness and forbid the dirt and impurity and specified these dirt as
purulence , feces, nausea , the dog’s saliva , the body of pigs and every thing
moldy as animal’s remains .
As it called
purification in every thing away from these dirt and the ways of purification
is determined by washing by the flowing water or burning in fire or boiling in
the water or dryness .
The Islam didn’t talk
about the cleanness absolutely and in general but it specify every part in the
human body which is exposed to catch the disease or source of it …for example
what is the prophet peace upon him said : ”clip your nails
the demon is sitting in what become long under it ”
The Islam is the first
who refers to the healthy prohibit before the humanist knows it .
And in this the
prophet peace upon him said : ” the sickened person never comes to
healthy one ” ( Al bokhary ) and the meaning of the Hadith that the one
who have an infective disease can’t be with healthy people but he must be isolated
from them and this for not infect them by his infective disease . and
also the prophet peace upon him said : ” the ruin came from disgust
” narrated by Abou – Dawood .
The prophet apply this
concept on the lazars that once came to him a lazar to make a homage
with him and when he asks for permission to enter to them the prophet said ”
tell him that we accept his homage he can return ” and he also said
” you must make a distance between you and the lazar by one lance or two
”
Fourthly : The Islam have come
by scientific base in struggling diseases as cholera , pestilence and smallpox
.
In this prophet
peace upon him said ” when you heard that these disease in a particular land
don’t go there and if it comes to the land you live in don’t runaway from it escaping
from the disease ”
And that is the rule
which the countries have done nowadays for protection from diseases that they
prevent anyone from entering the infected places also they prevent the infected
people from exiting this infected places .
For knowing the value
of this prophetical Hadith which came in the seventh Christmas century
read the clause from the book ” the story of medicine ” by Joseph Garland
, that when the pestilence disease appeared in Florence in the year 1348 the
people was commanded by escaping from the country as fast and as far as they
could and this escape by intuition will lead to the increasing of infecting
places until it reach Russia in the year 1352 as it was a fire in the forest
can’t putting off it’s blaze until it eats quarter of Europe ‘s people .
Fifthly :
The Islam had came by
categorical and specified commands which is similar to the newest scientific
theories in getting rid of some familiar diseases .
The prophet peace upon
him said ” never one of you urinate in the static water that every
hypochondriasis came from it ” narrated by Ibn maaga and he also
said peace upon him ” avoid the three curses execration in the shadow and in
the suppliers and in the roadway of the people ” .
It had been known that
( Bilharzias disease ) moved to people when the patient urinate in the
static water and if we prevented the patients from urination in water
especially static one .
We can terminated
the disease and it was a scientific fact which is ignored until the
nineteen century when the German scientist (Bilharz )
discovered The life cycle of the Bilharzias .
The Medicine of old
aged :
Doctor Joseph Garland
in his book (the story of medicine ) that the favor of respecting the old aged
and taking care of it returns back to the Islamic teachings .
The Islamic doctors did
their efforts in making the medicine of old aged which is called now Geriatrics
. and the first one who refers to this is Ibn Sienna in his book (The Law ) .
There was in the
Islamic hospitals an special sector which specialized by Geriatrics which
wrote in it
” And lower them the wing of humility out of tenderness. And say, `My Lord,
have mercy on them even as they nourished me when I was a little child.’”
There was an indication
which I like for Dr. Ibrahim Ibn Moraad from Tunis which I found it in an research to him in the web net
1:
He indicated to an
important development which lightened a way by the Islam towards the Medicine ,
that is the separation of the Medicine from the legendary of philosophy . and
that is because the known in the Greece theories that the Medicine
is apart from the philosophy and a science from it . and this theory have been
strengthen specially by Gallianos , and he was a philosophy and a doctor
, he have mixed between the Medicine , Legends , wisdom , some facts and
advices exactly as in philosophy , it was a mix from all these things , it is
brains which search in what it can be and what it can’t , sometimes it can
reach and sometimes it get lost .
Some Moslem doctors
took from Greece this doctrine , and they approved it from the beginning of
their scientific production , and there was a popularity for these few doctors
, so some of the western thought that the Medicine in Islam is typically
related to the Greece Medicine , and they see that the medicine is part from
philosophy and is only the logical suggestion view , but by clarification we
find two notes :
1- Those who merged
between the medicine and philosophy they added to this virtual experiments
and pharmacology , surgery and anatomy practicing they aren’t just
a conveyers or writers of translation .
2-The second point
which the researchers have noticed that there was many from the tradition of
Islamic doctors which haven’t been investigated and ejected to light , it
filled the museums ,book stores and codices it also talk about other famous who
are away from light and also the names of doctors who are proficient in
the medicine as true science practically , experimentally , independent and not
as a mix of philosophy and the vision .
there was examples
which clarify that the Moslems have treated with medicine by scientific view as
our modern medicine and they separated it from the legends of philosophy
also from the disdain of hand working .
Abou Alkasem Al-zahrawy
(D 4040E/1013C) who was a surgeon he wasn’t from populace but he was
famous and from specialized people he specified surgery by the part thirty from
his medical encyclopedia ”The Inflection for those who can’t compose ” .
the reason of the
belief that the Islamic school was medical philosophically and wasn’t clearly
medical and that is the translation of the Two large books and it considering
them the only representative of the Islamic school- and these are ” Al –Hawy ”
book for Al-Razy and ”The Law ” book for Ibn Seena–these books
have been translated in
Europe after translated to the Latin language and the spreading of their renown
and the exceeding of their composers over the other from Islamic doctors by
their famous upon the western was an effective factor in this suspicious and
the duty is to filtering the history to clarify the Truth , the
preceding have invented but the western only translated to those who inclined
to philosophy .
for example let’s have
a look to the medical practical field other than the surgery , and that’s
preparing of medicine which proved that our nation won’t be concentrating in
philosophy as the Greece did , and they won’t take medicine as experimental
science which built in materialistic facts , and the pharmacy can’t be
abstained and separated from it of course .
and those who
interested in medicine by hand is a cognoscente doctors .
the first one of them
was Abou Gaafer Ahmad Ibn Al- Gazaar (D3690 E/ 985C) .
he signified in his
book to the medicines which he composes by himself , for example –his
signification ”Stomach ” and a medicine he composed for the one who have strong
disgusts ..etc .
the second one is Abou
Marwaan Abd A-Mallek Ibn Zaher , and he himself who have the hand working once
said “ me I’ve a selfsame disease in loving the work of pharmacies
and try the medicines and take some strength of medicines and put it in others
and distinct the nets and particularize it and trying this by hand and
I’m still fond of this work and stricken by it ”
and Abou Gafer Ahmad
Alghfaky ( H. 560E/1165C) have signified in the introduction of his book
“single medicines ” that many of his doctors of his regime in Andulas are
pharmacies which made the medicines by themselves :
”All of our doctors are
pharmacies they composes the compounded medicine by themselves and all the
pharmacies work . and what bad if they thought when one of them asked for
single medicines to compound it for medicine then he have what he demands but
he didn’t know is it really what he want or another medicines then he
compounded it and give it to his patient so he will be just like those
who concerned in trees and leaves pickers . all of our doctors are pharmacies
and they didn’t earn their money except from pharmacy .
he said that it’s a
shame that you wrote a medicine and your patient get it to you , and you didn’t
know is it what you wrote or not , you must know it’s figure and it’s
description , not to be like leaves pickers …
it is an expression
which our professor used it in the medicine science (pharmacology ) in the
Colleague .
The medicine for those
Islamic Doctors is a science which connected to Chemistry , not just a
Galliano’s philosophy or Hellenic legends took it as it is …
It is also a science of
Experiments and Notes even those who have some philosophy as others , the beds
notes for Al-Razey and Ibn Seena is too much , and the field of experimenting
the medicines have it’s notable position .
The doctor never
persuaded by what the books said about the curing characteristics of the medicine
but he can see it’s success by himself as Ibn Al –Gazaar in the Stomach book –
that as many times Ibn Al –Gazaar remembered a compounded medicine and
noticed that he experimented it and saw it’s success and fore example of that
his quote about Al-Itrafeel- which he composes by him self for those who
have relaxed weak stomach – “ we have tested it and approved
it ”.
There was also Abou
Mohamad Abd Allah Ibn Ahmad Ibn Albetaar ( H.646 E/1248C ) he emphasized in the
Introduction of his book ”The Collector to the vocabulary of medicines and
foods”
He said in the second
purpose : the second purpose is the rightness of the conveying of what I’m
saying about the preceding and editing it about the later . that what is right
for me by watching and viewing and proved to me experience , so I didn’t kept
the experience for me as a secret treasure , and I managed myself for not to
count for other than me except Allah independent .
And what is different
in strength and the way and the sensual viewing in usefulness and what is right
and achievable , or his conveyer or his teller deviated from the straight
way , I discarded him apparently and left him for long time and I said for his
conveyer or his teller you have got something falsity . I won’t preferred in this
an ancient for his preceding or a recent who others count in his honest .
Ibn Al-Bettar have
already criticized many doctors who are mistaken in talking about the
curing characteristics of medicines or specifying it’s essence .
There was another practical
field called ( The Anatomy ) .
Abou Al-Hassan Ali Ibn
Aby Al-hazem Ibn Alnafees Alkorashy (H.687e/1288 C) he was one of the
proficient explainer and commenter of the Law book of Ibn Seena .
He composed in Anatomy
an Independent book called ( The Explain of the anatomy of law ) and he
corrected in this book some writes which Ibn seena have got in the anatomy and
he also corrected Galion’s talking and Ibn Seena in the theory of the
Minor Blood Cycle (The Lungwort Cycle ) .
Ibn Alnafess have
noticed that the direction of the blood are constant and it’s motion isn’t
lunitidal motion – as he thought before – and he said that the blood have
passed in the Right ventricle of the heart to the lung which mixed by air and
then it returns back from lungs through pulmonary vien to the left ventricle of
the heart .
He have criticized
Galion’s and Ibn seena’s theory after him in the minor blood cycle after
it was been stable in minds of scientist for
Twelve century (from
the secondly century to the thirteen century of Christmas ).
There was also another
doctor from our ancestors who called Aby Abd Allah Mohmad Ibn Othman Alskely
Altonusy (H. about 825 E/1417 C) ,ALskelly have composed an important useful
book that’s ” The Persian Brief ” which is related to the (sultan Alhfsy) who
composed it for him who is Abou fares Abdel Aziz Almotawkel Ala Allah (796
E/1394C-837E/1434C) and it was a brief for the book of law , Alskely didn’t
simulate thoughts of ibn seena but he added to it an important and
special addition in two researches .
First of them the
scabies of eye disease and the pruritus which inherenced to it , the composer
have proved for the first time the progress of the disease and it’s stages and
it was four stages .
These four stages
haven’t been proved from the doctors except in the middle of this century
(Twenty ) , so the favor of priority returns to Mohmad Alskely in achieving and
arranging it before that by six hundred year .
And the second
researches is the (Tuberculosis disease ) , the ancient talked about the
tuberculosis and defined it in general isn’t separated from other disease ,
that is the ”ulceration of the lungs ” and they described it’s most
important symptoms that’s (coughing , hemoptysis , fever and the slimness of
the body ) but Alskely have diagnosed the tuberculosis clearly , he
specified it and it’s reasons by his quote ” the reason of tuberculosis was an
ulceration in the lung , that if the patient have exceeded in hemoptysis forty
days he will became tuberculated person hardly cured , it may be because of
ulceration in the chest and septum if it was penetrated , but if it wasn’t
penetrated it will be easy to coalesces the ulceration due to it’s motion
stability . and this disease may be extended with the patient for years especially
if the ulceration was dry and moveless خشكريشة ” .
By that it was obvious
that he have saw the anatomy of deads and he have heard the chest of patients
by his ears , he was practitioner in Alhafsy hospital in Tunis city .
From here we supported
the advices – as did the proficient Tunisian doctor – he advises the researcher
to concern with the Islamic Medical scripts by investigating , studying and
filtration , that what have published was scientifically achieved are less than
the fewest .
There was inventions
which have embedded and it’s rights was gone , and there still pearls in the
methods of healthy preservation and the matter of nutrition also the matter of
vegetarianism medicines .
By fair searching it
will be cleared that the Islamic medicines was a main ring in the history of
the medicine progress inside the human civilized track .
It has been indicated
by conferences and sites on the internet which concerned with the history of
Islamic medicine as Islamic organization for the medicine sciences and Islam
online and others , that is one of reasons of injustice that the European
translation was in regime full of misleading fantasies and blind
fanaticism , and that’s means that the translator doesn’t be embarrassed to
stole scripts and belong it to himself or make changing to the translated text
and deviated it’s meaning that’s because he grudged the Islamic
civilization .
We have all good
example for this to conclude , that is Abou Gaffer Ahmad Ibn Algazar
Alkayrawny in his relation to his translator the African Kostanteen .
Kostanteen have
translated from Ibn Algazaar book ”The supply of traveler and The nutriment
of the present ” and ”The depending in the single
medicines ” and ”the stomach and it’s diseases and it’s therapy ” and ”an
essay in the Leprosy ” he took all of these and belonged it to himself !
and then the history discovered this falsification after long years …
Then the stolen and
took the favor of the theory of an Islamic doctor , as what happened with Mekhaeel
survaay in the explanation of ” the Anatomy of the law ” for Aby Alhassan
Aly Ibn Alnafees in the minor blood cycle .
Survaay took the theory
of Ibn Alnafees and conveyed it literally in his book CHRIST – LANSMO
RESTITUTIO which published in Vienna
in year 1553 c.
And Allah have unmasked
him by clearness in history too …
So our doctors have
been freed from Galion’s slavery :
Doctor / Monsef AL-
marzoky from Tunis have referred to note which I will form it by my own
expression that is : the getting rid of Galions and Abou Kraat wasn’t
easy , it’s indicated that how the Islamic doctors are independent by
their thoughts towards the Greece and Roman Tradition , although the name of
Galions only are document and pretext , and he played the same role which Arsto
have did in philosophy so he paralyzed the motion of searching and prospecting
and this due to the insisting of his followers in believing all what he wrote
and specified , and their blind faith that the truth in this .
And from the seldoms
which gives us the idea about his tyrannical thoughts the quote of some
of his followers that the structure of the human was changed from his regime
when they compulsed to explain his several faults in the science of
organs .
But Moslems didn’t
agree with him in every thing he said we found many of them criticized him and
his quotes and theories .Alrazy ,Ibn seena , Ibn zahar and Ibn asyba have
criticized him in his broadening history .
The independency and
the Methodist for Ibn zaher are reveled who was anatomy the deads un convinced
by Galion’s anatomy for animal , also did I bn Alnafess when he said : ”the
benefit of the organs depends in it’s definition on what the right view
and the straight search required , whether this agree with ideas of who preceding
us or not ” .
And the refusal of Ibn
Alnafess to simulate Galion’s ideas about the function of the lever , heart and
the lungs is the starting of the exploring of the minor blood cycle that he
doesn’t believe his theory which said that the blood slipped from the right
ventricle of to the left ventricle through holes and the function of the
lungs is to flickering above the heart to cooling it !
Who
haven’t preserving himself his manner got worse
